Zoophyto

                                            Onion cell under high power                                                            Onion cell under low Power

Tradescantia Epidermis                                                    Tradescantia epidermis under high power

  ICT Devices: Automated Teller Machine (ATM) -         Automated Teller Machine is an electronic device that allows you to perform banking transactions without needing a teller. -         It was first made by John Shepherd Barron in installed in London by Barclays bank in 1967.   F   Functions: -A -  ATMs provide an easy way to link your bank account 24hrs and all days of the week for transactions like cash withdrawals, check deposits (in some ATMs), balance inquiries, and fund transfers. - It can even use to withdraw money in ATM of other bank. - It can even use to withdraw cash in foreign countries, generally with currency conversion fees . Procedure of using ATM -         -  To use this machine one must have debit or credit card of the bank. -         -  To use an ATM, you'll typically insert your debit or credit card into...

  Su ccession  : An orderly and progressive replacement of one community by another until a relatively stable community (climax community) is established in an area is called biotic succession. A. Causes of succession: It involves a series of complex processes, so it controlled by a number of causes-  a. Initiating causes: It includes all these biotic and abiotic causes which helps in production of barren area e.g. fire, wind, grazing, cutting, cultivation, draught etc. b. Continuing causes: Causes of successive waves of population e.g. Migration, competition, aggregation, reation etc. c. Stabilizing causes: These helps in stabilise the community in an  area. Climatic factors has major influences on stabilisation. B. Basic types of succession: There are two main types of succession- a. Primary succession: - It is a process of colonization on the substratum initially free of life.  - The substratum serves for primary succ...

Functional aspect of ecosystems: 1. Trophic level: The arrangements of producers and consumers in an ecosystem is called trophic structure where each level is called trophic level. - The first trophic level is made up of green plants which directly derive their energy from the sun - The energy from plants is passed into herbivores (primary consumers) thus they constitute second trophic level - The herbivores i.e. the primary consumers are passed their energy into primary carnivores thus secondary consumer or primary carnivores constitute the third trophic level - The tertiary consumer derive their energy from secondary consumers thu constitute the fourth trophic level - The decomposer forms the last trophic level - Some organisms derive their energy from more than one trophic level e.g. omnivorous mammals feed upon both producers as well as consumers e.g. human 2. Food chain  The transfer of food energy from the producers through a series of organisms with repeated proc...

It is an excellent example of terrestrial ecosystem. It consists of land dominated by grasses along with the animals. It occurs naturally in all continents except Antarctica and found in most ecoregions of the world. It occupies about 25% of the total landmass and grows in area with less rainfall i.e. about 25-75cm. This type of landscape shows sharp seasonal and diurnal variations, high temperature and radiation and limited moisture content of  the air and the top soil is rich in humus. Prairie and Pampas are the world's famous grasslands.The extensive grassland, Shuklaphanta National Park of state-7 is the best example of grassland ecosystem in Nepal. Structure of grassland ecosystem: The structural components of grassland ecosystem like other also made up of  biotic and abiotic components. Abiotic components: It includes physical factors  (light,  temperature, wind, rainfalls, humidity and atmospheric pressure) and chemical- nitrates, phosphates, sulphate o...

It is a shallow water lentic  (standing water) ecosystem with self sufficient interacting and interdedepedant biotic and abiotic components. Structure: On the basis of depth and type of vegetation ponds can be divided into three zones. a. Littoral zone: - shallow water zone near the shore of pond with abundance of  macrophytes is called littoral zone. b. Limnetic zone: - Open water zone at the centre of the pond. - It has free floating macrophytes and phytoplankton. c. Profundal zone: - It is the zone beneath the limnetic zone. - It is poor in biodiversity Like others ecosystem, the structure of pond ecosystem has also interacting abiotic and biotic components. I. Abiotic components: Physical factors e.g. light, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc.  inorganic chemicals like water, mineral compounds, dissolved oxygen etc. and Organic substances and wastes constitute abiotic components. II .Biotic components: The living components of the ecosystem include...