Biotic factors
Biotic factors:
It deals with effect of living on living
It is of two types
A. Interspecific interaction:
The interactions between living organisms of different species are called interspecific interactions. It is of two types i.e. positive (+) and negative (- )
The interactions between living organisms of different species are called interspecific interactions. It is of two types i.e. positive (+) and negative (- )
a. +ve interaction ( refers for beneficial relationship in which one or both partners are benefited)
I. Mutualism (+, +):
The interactions between living organism in which both partners benefited e.g. Rhizobium lives in root nodules of legumes plant where Rhizobium synthesize nitrogenous compound for legumes plant in return it gets selter and nutrition. These associations are more or less obligatory.
II. Commensalism (+, 0):
The interactions between two living organism in which one partner has benefit whereas other has no profit no loss e.g. Barnacles attached to the whales, epiphytes etc.
III. Proto-cooperation (+ , +):
The temporary relationship between two individuals of different species in which both partners benefited e.g. crow feeds on parasitic insects of cattle where both are benefited
Iv. Neutralism (0, 0):
The interactions between two individuals of different species in which both partners live at the same place but have no relationship of profit and loss e.g squirrels and birds live together but they have no relationship of profit and loss.
b. -ve interactions:
Refers for harmful interactions
I. Predatism (+ , -)
The interactions between two individuals of different species in which one (predator) kills and feeds living organism (prey) of other species e.g. lion kills deer for its food
Ii. Parasitism ( + , -)
The interactions between two individuals of different species in which one partner (parasitie) extract nutrients from the body of other living organism (host) without causing death e.g. mosquito feeds by sucking blood of human without causing death of the host.
III. Competition (- ,-)
The interactions between living organism of different species due to short supply of common resources and causes indirect inhibitions of competitors.
Iv. Antibiosis (+,-)
The interactions between two living species in which one partner produce a chemical called antibiotic to suppresses growth or kills other partner. This type of interaction generally seen in microorganism.
B. Intraspecific interactions:
The interactions between living organisms of the same species.
I. Colonization:
Some plants and animals lives in colony for better protection e.g. Nostoc , Volvox etc.
II. Social organization:
Division of work between individuals of a population for easier life e.g. Hony bee, Termites etc
III. Aggregation:
The tendency among individuals of a same species to gather in a large number to perform a particular work e.g. Migration of birds, fishes etc.
II. Commensalism (+, 0):
The interactions between two living organism in which one partner has benefit whereas other has no profit no loss e.g. Barnacles attached to the whales, epiphytes etc.
III. Proto-cooperation (+ , +):
The temporary relationship between two individuals of different species in which both partners benefited e.g. crow feeds on parasitic insects of cattle where both are benefited
Iv. Neutralism (0, 0):
The interactions between two individuals of different species in which both partners live at the same place but have no relationship of profit and loss e.g squirrels and birds live together but they have no relationship of profit and loss.
b. -ve interactions:
Refers for harmful interactions
I. Predatism (+ , -)
The interactions between two individuals of different species in which one (predator) kills and feeds living organism (prey) of other species e.g. lion kills deer for its food
Ii. Parasitism ( + , -)
The interactions between two individuals of different species in which one partner (parasitie) extract nutrients from the body of other living organism (host) without causing death e.g. mosquito feeds by sucking blood of human without causing death of the host.
III. Competition (- ,-)
The interactions between living organism of different species due to short supply of common resources and causes indirect inhibitions of competitors.
Iv. Antibiosis (+,-)
The interactions between two living species in which one partner produce a chemical called antibiotic to suppresses growth or kills other partner. This type of interaction generally seen in microorganism.
B. Intraspecific interactions:
The interactions between living organisms of the same species.
I. Colonization:
Some plants and animals lives in colony for better protection e.g. Nostoc , Volvox etc.
II. Social organization:
Division of work between individuals of a population for easier life e.g. Hony bee, Termites etc
III. Aggregation:
The tendency among individuals of a same species to gather in a large number to perform a particular work e.g. Migration of birds, fishes etc.
Comments
Post a Comment