Zoophyto

It is an excellent example of terrestrial ecosystem. It consists of land dominated by grasses along with the animals. It occurs naturally in all continents except Antarctica and found in most ecoregions of the world. It occupies about 25% of the total landmass and grows in area with less rainfall i.e. about 25-75cm. This type of landscape shows sharp seasonal and diurnal variations, high temperature and radiation and limited moisture content of  the air and the top soil is rich in humus. Prairie and Pampas are the world's famous grasslands.The extensive grassland, Shuklaphanta National Park of state-7 is the best example of grassland ecosystem in Nepal. Structure of grassland ecosystem: The structural components of grassland ecosystem like other also made up of  biotic and abiotic components. Abiotic components: It includes physical factors  (light,  temperature, wind, rainfalls, humidity and atmospheric pressure) and chemical- nitrates, phosphates, sulphate o...

It is a shallow water lentic  (standing water) ecosystem with self sufficient interacting and interdedepedant biotic and abiotic components. Structure: On the basis of depth and type of vegetation ponds can be divided into three zones. a. Littoral zone: - shallow water zone near the shore of pond with abundance of  macrophytes is called littoral zone. b. Limnetic zone: - Open water zone at the centre of the pond. - It has free floating macrophytes and phytoplankton. c. Profundal zone: - It is the zone beneath the limnetic zone. - It is poor in biodiversity Like others ecosystem, the structure of pond ecosystem has also interacting abiotic and biotic components. I. Abiotic components: Physical factors e.g. light, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc.  inorganic chemicals like water, mineral compounds, dissolved oxygen etc. and Organic substances and wastes constitute abiotic components. II .Biotic components: The living components of the ecosystem include...

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is mainly a respiratory disease caused by a RNA virus, strain, Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was possibly originated from Bat or pangolin and fot the very first time it was identified in Wuhan, Hubai, China in December 2019. This disease was declared pandemic by WHO on 11 March 2020 as it infected peoples of multiple continent at a time. This pandemic has infected more than 6.64 lakh individuals of about 200 countries, out of  which more than 1.42 lakh recovered and more than 30800 peoples died till this date. Incubation period: -It is the period from entry of germ into victim  the appearance of first symptoms.  -Incubation period is generally 5days but may vary between 2-14 days. Mode of transmission: -This disease may spread before onset of symptoms but it is most spreading from victims with symptoms. -This disease is transmitted through direct  (touching infected indiv...

-A complete interacting self sufficient ecological unit is called ecosystem. -The term ecosystem was introduced by A.G. Tansley in 1935. Structure of ecosystem: -Structure of an ecosystem has abiotic and biotic components  -The abiotic components of an ecosystem are made up of different climatic, edaphic and topographical factors  -The biotic components of an ecosystem are made up of producers, consumers and decomposers. Functions of ecosystem: The functionsof ecosystem is due to flow of energy and nutrients cycle. I. Flow of energy: -It involves process of transfer of energy from producers to decomposers.  - In each step of transfer 90% energy is lost. Thus the flow of energy is irreversible process. II. Nutrients cycle: -It involves the transfer of inorganic chemical of environment into plant. - The organic chemical synthesizes in plants from inorganic chemical then transfers into consumers and decomposers. -Finally the comlex organic chemicals in dea...

Biotic factors: It deals with effect of living on living  It is of two types  A. Interspecific interaction:  The interactions between living organisms of different species are called interspecific interactions. It is of two types i.e. positive (+) and negative (- ) a. +ve interaction ( refers for beneficial relationship in which one or both partners are benefited) I. Mutualism (+, +): The interactions between living organism in which both partners benefited e.g. Rhizobium lives in root nodules of legumes plant where Rhizobium synthesize nitrogenous compound for legumes plant in return it gets  selter and nutrition. These associations are more or less obligatory. II. Commensalism (+, 0): The interactions between two living organism in which one partner has benefit whereas other has no profit no loss e.g. Barnacles attached to the whales, epiphytes etc. III. Proto-cooperation (+ , +): The temporary relationship between two individuals of different s...

Ecology (oikos -home; logous - study ) Study of interrelationships between living beings and environment is called ecology  Term ecology for the first time used by H. Reiter There are two branches of ecology _ A. Synecology  Study of relationship between living community and environment  B.Autecology: Study of interrelationships between individual of species or its population with environment Ecological factors : The environmental components that influence growth, reproduction, migration etc. are called environmental factors. There are two types of ecological factors- 1. Abiotic factors and  2. Biotic factors  1. Abiotic factors: They are nonliving components of the environment that influence life  They are of three types  a. Climatic factors  b. Edaphic factors and  c. Topographic factors  a. Climatic factors: Related with atmosphere which may be light, temperature etc. Light: Most import...